caida_as — CAIDA AS graphs (2004-2007)

Description

A sequence of 122 network snapshots denoting Autonomous System (AS) relationships on the Internet, from 2004-2007, inferred using the Serial-1 method from RouteViews BGP table snapshots and a set of heuristics.¹

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1. Description obtained from the ICON project. ↩

Tags

Technological Communication Unweighted Temporal

Citation

• "The CAIDA AS Relationships Dataset", http://www.caida.org/data/as-relationships/

Upstream URL OK

http://snap.stanford.edu/data/as-caida.html

Networks

Tip: click on the table header to sort the list. Hover your mouse over it to obtain a legend.

Name	Nodes	Edges	$\left<k\right>$	$\sigma_k$	$\lambda_h$	$\tau$	$r$	$c$	$\oslash$	$S$	Kind	Mode	NPs	EPs	gt	GraphML	GML	csv
20071112	26,389	105,722	4.01	66.74	58.24	88.74	-0.19	0.01	17	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		591 KiB	972 KiB	941 KiB	763 KiB
20071105	26,475	106,762	4.03	66.75	59.41	88.81	-0.19	0.01	17	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		592 KiB	975 KiB	973 KiB	751 KiB
20071029	26,377	106,510	4.04	67.20	60.80	88.77	-0.20	0.01	17	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		608 KiB	978 KiB	973 KiB	775 KiB
20071022	26,369	106,462	4.04	66.88	60.39	88.73	-0.20	0.01	17	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		580 KiB	961 KiB	935 KiB	754 KiB
20071015	26,258	107,202	4.08	67.43	62.34	88.74	-0.20	0.01	17	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		604 KiB	989 KiB	988 KiB	753 KiB
20071008	26,242	106,348	4.05	66.89	61.04	88.75	-0.20	0.01	17	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		594 KiB	1002 KiB	958 KiB	758 KiB
20071001	26,184	106,578	4.07	67.27	61.56	88.80	-0.20	0.01	17	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		605 KiB	983 KiB	1001 KiB	766 KiB
20070924	26,139	106,312	4.07	67.19	61.24	88.77	-0.20	0.01	17	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		590 KiB	1002 KiB	970 KiB	759 KiB
20070917	8,020	36,406	4.54	65.37	50.21	13.67	-0.29	0.01	9	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		191 KiB	311 KiB	313 KiB	236 KiB
20070910	26,022	105,382	4.05	65.45	61.68	88.79	-0.20	0.01	18	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		614 KiB	988 KiB	961 KiB	779 KiB
20070903	25,988	104,730	4.03	65.38	60.37	88.75	-0.20	0.01	18	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		585 KiB	983 KiB	949 KiB	751 KiB
20070827	25,800	104,766	4.06	67.10	61.05	88.77	-0.20	0.01	18	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		594 KiB	1.0 MiB	984 KiB	773 KiB
20070820	25,741	104,846	4.07	67.19	61.69	88.75	-0.20	0.01	19	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		602 KiB	991 KiB	966 KiB	759 KiB
20070813	25,826	104,802	4.06	67.04	60.15	88.75	-0.19	0.01	19	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		571 KiB	963 KiB	954 KiB	739 KiB
20070806	25,697	105,524	4.11	67.66	63.07	88.76	-0.20	0.01	19	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		571 KiB	958 KiB	948 KiB	748 KiB
20070730	25,696	105,332	4.10	67.53	63.04	88.76	-0.20	0.01	19	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		590 KiB	970 KiB	951 KiB	739 KiB
20070723	25,579	105,092	4.11	67.24	63.19	88.79	-0.19	0.01	19	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		581 KiB	957 KiB	945 KiB	723 KiB
20070716	25,477	104,726	4.11	67.84	63.18	51.41	-0.20	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		580 KiB	983 KiB	944 KiB	753 KiB
20070709	25,526	104,824	4.11	67.21	62.42	49.52	-0.19	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		568 KiB	930 KiB	919 KiB	729 KiB
20070702	25,474	104,634	4.11	67.44	62.77	53.12	-0.20	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		572 KiB	945 KiB	934 KiB	742 KiB
20070625	25,352	104,096	4.11	67.52	62.52	54.19	-0.20	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		565 KiB	921 KiB	928 KiB	729 KiB
20070618	25,304	103,020	4.07	67.20	61.01	57.77	-0.19	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		564 KiB	956 KiB	950 KiB	735 KiB
20070611	25,314	102,888	4.06	66.94	60.28	57.30	-0.19	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		567 KiB	947 KiB	904 KiB	723 KiB
20070604	25,265	103,510	4.10	67.10	62.04	55.38	-0.19	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		568 KiB	934 KiB	899 KiB	722 KiB
20070528	25,158	102,468	4.07	66.93	60.74	51.18	-0.19	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		571 KiB	977 KiB	937 KiB	731 KiB
20070521	25,056	102,212	4.08	66.76	60.30	51.96	-0.19	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		557 KiB	942 KiB	919 KiB	730 KiB
20070514	25,090	102,356	4.08	66.80	60.99	52.39	-0.19	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		559 KiB	958 KiB	917 KiB	722 KiB
20070507	24,942	102,290	4.10	66.93	61.73	54.71	-0.19	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		554 KiB	926 KiB	933 KiB	718 KiB
20070430	24,969	102,476	4.10	66.97	62.38	52.37	-0.20	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		562 KiB	928 KiB	923 KiB	729 KiB
20070423	24,810	99,916	4.03	66.35	59.39	52.63	-0.19	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		547 KiB	946 KiB	889 KiB	707 KiB
20070416	24,801	101,762	4.10	66.95	61.78	52.68	-0.20	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		560 KiB	944 KiB	932 KiB	730 KiB
20070409	24,776	101,654	4.10	67.02	61.84	50.85	-0.20	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		559 KiB	951 KiB	918 KiB	712 KiB
20070402	24,649	100,924	4.09	66.95	61.64	51.77	-0.20	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		551 KiB	948 KiB	894 KiB	718 KiB
20070326	24,610	101,476	4.12	66.86	62.03	61.22	-0.20	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		551 KiB	940 KiB	924 KiB	733 KiB
20070319	24,542	100,366	4.09	65.66	61.82	53.37	-0.20	0.01	13	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		581 KiB	979 KiB	920 KiB	718 KiB
20070312	24,491	99,652	4.07	65.51	60.99	53.64	-0.20	0.01	13	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		559 KiB	932 KiB	916 KiB	728 KiB
20070305	24,454	99,660	4.08	65.46	60.81	62.12	-0.20	0.01	13	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		547 KiB	939 KiB	902 KiB	696 KiB
20070226	24,297	99,166	4.08	65.51	61.28	55.97	-0.20	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		549 KiB	902 KiB	887 KiB	703 KiB
20070219	24,267	97,972	4.04	65.19	60.01	61.41	-0.20	0.01	14	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		542 KiB	903 KiB	876 KiB	693 KiB
20070212	24,191	98,450	4.07	65.32	61.66	53.97	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		543 KiB	928 KiB	875 KiB	711 KiB
20070205	24,142	98,400	4.08	65.38	61.24	59.51	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		563 KiB	917 KiB	915 KiB	710 KiB
20070129	20,906	85,988	4.11	61.09	60.13	58.92	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		503 KiB	825 KiB	784 KiB	626 KiB
20070122	24,078	98,112	4.07	65.48	61.27	56.49	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		537 KiB	902 KiB	870 KiB	686 KiB
20070115	24,018	98,392	4.10	65.46	61.85	56.16	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		533 KiB	900 KiB	860 KiB	686 KiB
20070108	24,056	98,782	4.11	65.57	62.11	65.44	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		551 KiB	887 KiB	879 KiB	693 KiB
20070101	24,013	98,664	4.11	65.62	62.04	57.07	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		562 KiB	910 KiB	924 KiB	719 KiB
20061225	23,918	98,178	4.10	65.79	62.23	53.56	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		575 KiB	974 KiB	968 KiB	796 KiB
20061218	23,884	97,492	4.08	65.56	60.84	53.03	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		545 KiB	910 KiB	858 KiB	685 KiB
20061211	23,783	97,296	4.09	65.61	61.57	53.45	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		537 KiB	891 KiB	863 KiB	692 KiB
20061204	23,663	95,554	4.04	65.33	60.07	56.08	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		561 KiB	962 KiB	968 KiB	769 KiB
20061127	23,634	96,404	4.08	65.60	61.11	61.03	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		566 KiB	958 KiB	921 KiB	717 KiB
20061120	23,601	96,012	4.07	65.44	59.90	58.41	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		524 KiB	873 KiB	882 KiB	680 KiB
20061113	23,072	78,684	3.41	59.42	41.66	66.29	-0.20	0.00	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		502 KiB	828 KiB	811 KiB	630 KiB
20061106	23,390	92,190	3.94	64.29	55.11	60.78	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		514 KiB	825 KiB	816 KiB	656 KiB
20061030	23,353	93,310	4.00	64.94	57.34	66.14	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		516 KiB	879 KiB	834 KiB	648 KiB
20061023	23,350	94,484	4.05	65.23	59.45	63.34	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		523 KiB	857 KiB	831 KiB	672 KiB
20061016	23,247	93,212	4.01	64.98	57.93	63.25	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		546 KiB	919 KiB	905 KiB	742 KiB
20061009	23,195	95,068	4.10	65.72	60.90	62.45	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		518 KiB	848 KiB	849 KiB	662 KiB
20061002	23,126	93,558	4.05	65.39	59.32	65.27	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		520 KiB	853 KiB	858 KiB	657 KiB
20060925	23,149	94,736	4.09	65.49	60.53	59.12	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		545 KiB	942 KiB	898 KiB	724 KiB
20060918	23,001	93,728	4.07	65.22	59.17	61.74	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		512 KiB	846 KiB	804 KiB	638 KiB
20060911	22,965	94,386	4.11	65.46	60.80	60.33	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		522 KiB	855 KiB	859 KiB	660 KiB
20060904	22,918	94,180	4.11	65.58	60.37	55.39	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		517 KiB	890 KiB	857 KiB	654 KiB
20060828	22,848	93,156	4.08	64.91	58.89	57.01	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		513 KiB	856 KiB	827 KiB	655 KiB
20060821	22,749	92,170	4.05	64.98	57.87	59.11	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		507 KiB	848 KiB	827 KiB	637 KiB
20060814	22,735	92,334	4.06	64.92	58.18	51.90	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		521 KiB	839 KiB	841 KiB	635 KiB
20060807	22,706	92,826	4.09	65.25	59.15	53.99	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		518 KiB	874 KiB	827 KiB	649 KiB
20060731	22,640	91,476	4.04	64.78	57.36	49.96	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		545 KiB	932 KiB	924 KiB	726 KiB
20060724	22,602	92,170	4.08	64.90	58.93	51.47	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		521 KiB	864 KiB	862 KiB	634 KiB
20060717	22,461	90,296	4.02	64.49	56.60	53.37	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		497 KiB	835 KiB	805 KiB	622 KiB
20060710	22,442	91,100	4.06	65.06	58.50	55.14	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		533 KiB	910 KiB	888 KiB	709 KiB
20060703	22,456	90,100	4.01	64.73	55.68	62.16	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		528 KiB	925 KiB	890 KiB	709 KiB
20060626	22,317	90,392	4.05	64.77	58.05	51.24	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		501 KiB	829 KiB	813 KiB	621 KiB
20060619	22,332	90,784	4.07	65.18	58.36	50.38	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		491 KiB	828 KiB	798 KiB	627 KiB
20060612	22,270	90,820	4.08	65.40	58.74	52.97	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		504 KiB	848 KiB	812 KiB	627 KiB
20060605	22,205	90,002	4.05	65.19	57.54	51.50	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		486 KiB	791 KiB	776 KiB	618 KiB
20060529	22,191	90,172	4.06	65.27	58.11	55.76	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		488 KiB	817 KiB	805 KiB	615 KiB
20060522	22,086	89,152	4.04	65.19	57.41	51.42	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		487 KiB	813 KiB	782 KiB	616 KiB
20060515	22,072	89,560	4.06	65.22	57.18	52.12	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		534 KiB	909 KiB	895 KiB	722 KiB
20060508	22,030	89,678	4.07	65.24	57.75	47.89	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		487 KiB	801 KiB	774 KiB	611 KiB
20060501	21,901	89,176	4.07	65.43	57.93	50.18	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		499 KiB	836 KiB	801 KiB	630 KiB
20060424	21,885	88,944	4.06	65.07	57.40	51.20	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		525 KiB	901 KiB	868 KiB	689 KiB
20060417	21,861	89,658	4.10	65.62	58.29	58.57	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		497 KiB	809 KiB	778 KiB	610 KiB
20060410	21,734	87,804	4.04	64.73	55.25	48.95	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		500 KiB	809 KiB	806 KiB	614 KiB
20060403	21,754	88,644	4.07	65.35	57.28	49.85	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		484 KiB	792 KiB	787 KiB	613 KiB
20060327	21,672	88,654	4.09	65.88	59.14	44.64	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		494 KiB	813 KiB	812 KiB	606 KiB
20060320	21,658	88,616	4.09	65.60	58.78	46.34	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		484 KiB	804 KiB	787 KiB	609 KiB
20060313	21,583	87,560	4.06	65.37	57.63	51.21	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		502 KiB	808 KiB	807 KiB	608 KiB
20060306	21,598	88,490	4.10	65.56	58.71	47.27	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		480 KiB	802 KiB	783 KiB	608 KiB
20060227	21,548	87,784	4.07	65.66	58.66	50.45	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		489 KiB	773 KiB	808 KiB	594 KiB
20060220	21,525	87,938	4.09	65.37	57.65	48.34	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		481 KiB	784 KiB	790 KiB	601 KiB
20060213	21,402	87,232	4.08	65.39	57.69	47.43	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		484 KiB	780 KiB	773 KiB	605 KiB
20060206	21,343	86,850	4.07	65.36	57.73	49.08	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		485 KiB	809 KiB	760 KiB	600 KiB
20060130	21,339	86,566	4.06	65.33	57.37	51.73	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		508 KiB	878 KiB	834 KiB	674 KiB
20060123	21,245	84,962	4.00	65.00	54.79	48.01	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		471 KiB	800 KiB	775 KiB	594 KiB
20060116	21,232	85,744	4.04	65.21	56.04	48.69	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		478 KiB	790 KiB	764 KiB	600 KiB
20060109	21,157	85,468	4.04	65.04	55.93	57.14	-0.20	0.01	12	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		478 KiB	784 KiB	776 KiB	594 KiB
20060102	21,202	85,850	4.05	65.41	55.84	47.55	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		487 KiB	810 KiB	797 KiB	604 KiB
20051205	20,889	83,640	4.00	64.93	54.37	46.83	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		464 KiB	772 KiB	755 KiB	584 KiB
20051107	20,731	83,524	4.03	65.44	55.14	46.61	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		480 KiB	782 KiB	750 KiB	589 KiB
20051003	20,513	82,138	4.00	65.62	55.12	42.62	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		493 KiB	837 KiB	828 KiB	663 KiB
20050905	20,344	81,882	4.02	65.62	55.62	44.93	-0.20	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		456 KiB	752 KiB	741 KiB	565 KiB
20050801	20,037	80,948	4.04	65.93	56.52	44.21	-0.21	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		454 KiB	748 KiB	720 KiB	572 KiB
20050704	19,846	80,970	4.08	66.45	57.23	41.39	-0.21	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		444 KiB	725 KiB	718 KiB	554 KiB
20050606	19,720	80,396	4.08	66.02	56.79	43.68	-0.21	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		445 KiB	741 KiB	710 KiB	562 KiB
20050502	19,489	79,718	4.09	66.08	56.64	43.83	-0.21	0.01	11	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		439 KiB	732 KiB	728 KiB	558 KiB
20050404	19,267	77,860	4.04	65.62	55.17	43.16	-0.21	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		432 KiB	725 KiB	694 KiB	550 KiB
20050307	19,090	77,124	4.04	65.65	55.07	42.13	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		426 KiB	704 KiB	728 KiB	533 KiB
20050207	18,911	75,982	4.02	65.25	53.39	41.18	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		423 KiB	702 KiB	665 KiB	520 KiB
20050103	18,740	77,002	4.11	66.00	55.28	40.30	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		420 KiB	699 KiB	673 KiB	527 KiB
20041206	18,501	76,530	4.14	66.13	56.51	37.45	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		413 KiB	686 KiB	664 KiB	523 KiB
20041101	18,278	75,118	4.11	66.05	56.20	40.57	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		409 KiB	680 KiB	666 KiB	517 KiB
20041004	18,100	74,994	4.14	66.10	56.40	37.54	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		411 KiB	686 KiB	652 KiB	511 KiB
20040906	17,848	74,344	4.17	65.82	56.57	37.52	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		397 KiB	687 KiB	648 KiB	510 KiB
20040802	17,655	72,140	4.09	64.85	53.20	38.17	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		403 KiB	664 KiB	652 KiB	508 KiB
20040705	17,509	71,658	4.09	64.86	54.46	35.93	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		398 KiB	663 KiB	646 KiB	496 KiB
20040607	17,306	71,094	4.11	65.24	54.90	36.79	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		385 KiB	647 KiB	637 KiB	486 KiB
20040503	17,160	70,026	4.08	64.86	54.29	34.87	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		382 KiB	653 KiB	621 KiB	487 KiB
20040405	16,874	68,670	4.07	65.56	54.21	33.50	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		383 KiB	630 KiB	609 KiB	480 KiB
20040301	16,655	66,680	4.00	65.07	51.86	35.16	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		373 KiB	622 KiB	621 KiB	472 KiB
20040202	16,493	66,744	4.05	65.32	53.15	33.37	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		366 KiB	621 KiB	592 KiB	459 KiB
20040105	16,301	65,910	4.04	65.51	52.62	34.40	-0.20	0.01	10	1.00	Directed	Unipartite	as_id		359 KiB	602 KiB	572 KiB	447 KiB

Ridiculograms