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debian_dependencies — Debian package dependencies (1995-2025)

Description

Networks of the dependencies between the binary packages of the Debian GNU/Linux distribution, one for each stable release, from Debian 0.93R6 (1995) and 1.1 "buzz" (1996) to 13 "trixie" (2025), built from the package indices (the Packages files) of the Debian archive, for the i386 architecture (the only one present in all releases), with all the components of each release (main, and contrib, non-free and non-free-firmware, when present).

Nodes are packages, and a directed edge from package $i$ to package $j$ is a relationship declared by $i$ in its control fields: a dependency (Depends, Pre-Depends), a weaker dependency (Recommends, Suggests, Enhances), a conflict (Conflicts, Breaks), a replacement (Replaces), or the provision of a virtual package (Provides). Dependencies of the form "a | b" (any of several alternatives) give an edge to each alternative, with the number of alternatives as an edge property. The packages named in relationships that are not in the index of the release (other architectures, removed packages, ...) are also nodes, as are the virtual packages (names provided by other packages, e.g. mail-transport-agent), with a property that tells them apart; architecture qualifiers (e.g. :any) and restrictions to architectures or build profiles are left out. Packages listed several times in an index, with several versions (a few in most releases, 223 in jessie), are taken once, with their first entry.

The archived releases are those of the final point release (e.g. 11.11 for bullseye), as kept on archive.debian.org; the releases bookworm (12) and trixie (13), still updated in place, are taken from the snapshot of 30 October 2026 of snapshot.debian.org. The networks are named after the codename of the release (0.93r6 for Debian 0.93R6, which has no codename).

The networks have the following properties:

  • (Node) name: the name of the package.
  • (Node) kind: package for the packages of the index, virtual for names provided by some package but without a package of their own, and missing for names that only appear in relationships.
  • (Node) version: the version of the package (with the revision, for 0.93R6).
  • (Node) component: the component of the archive (main, contrib, non-free, non-free-firmware; empty for 0.93R6, whose index has no components).
  • (Node) section, priority: the section (e.g. admin, libs, net) and priority (required, important, standard, optional, extra) of the package.
  • (Node) essential: whether the package is marked essential.
  • (Node) architecture: i386 or all (architecture-independent packages; empty when not given).
  • (Node) source: the source package, if it differs from the package's name (and it is given).
  • (Node) maintainer: the maintainer of the package, as given in the index.
  • (Node) installed_size: the installed size in kilobytes (-1 if not given), and size, the size of the package file in bytes (-1 if not given).
  • (Node) description: the short (one-line) description of the package.
  • (Edge) type: the field of the relationship (Depends, Pre-Depends, Recommends, Suggests, Enhances, Conflicts, Breaks, Replaces, Provides).
  • (Edge) constraint: the version constraint of the relationship (e.g. >= 2.3), or empty.
  • (Edge) alternatives: the number of alternatives of the dependency (1 if there are none).
  • (Graph) release (the version number), codename and release_date (of the first release of the version, YYYY-MM-DD; only the month for 0.93R6).
Tags
Technological Software Unweighted Multigraph Metadata
Added
2026-10-31
Citation
  • M. A. Fortuna, J. A. Bonachela and S. A. Levin, "Evolution of a modular software network." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108(50), 19985-19989 (2011) 10.1073/pnas.1115960108 Sci-Hub
Upstream URL OK
https://www.debian.org/releases/
https://archive.debian.org/debian/dists/
https://snapshot.debian.org/
Networks
Tip: click on a column header to sort the list, or hover over it for a description.
Column legend
$\left<k\right>$
Mean degree
$\sigma_k$
Standard deviation of the degrees
$\lambda_h$
Largest eigenvalue of the Hashimoto (non-backtracking) matrix
$\tau$
Random walk mixing time
$r$
Degree assortativity
$c$
Global clustering coefficient
$\oslash$
(Pseudo-) diameter
$S$
Relative size of the largest component
NPs
Node properties
EPs
Edge properties
Name Nodes Edges $\left<k\right>$ $\sigma_k$ $\lambda_h$ $\tau$ $r$ $c$ $\oslash$ $S$ Kind Mode NPs EPs gt GraphML GML csv
0.93r6 309 364 1.18 3.44 4.98 57.42 -0.23 0.12 11 0.64 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 12 KiB 14 KiB 13 KiB 12 KiB
buzz 619 1,274 2.06 12.88 11.32 16.98 -0.18 0.03 9 0.94 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 24 KiB 31 KiB 30 KiB 27 KiB
rex 910 1,977 2.17 17.36 14.63 25.30 -0.19 0.02 8 0.95 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 35 KiB 46 KiB 45 KiB 42 KiB
bo 1,354 3,119 2.30 21.59 18.75 25.15 -0.18 0.01 8 0.94 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 52 KiB 69 KiB 67 KiB 64 KiB
hamm 2,312 6,276 2.71 26.57 26.26 74.76 -0.15 0.02 8 0.96 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 84 KiB 116 KiB 113 KiB 110 KiB
potato 5,447 19,091 3.50 41.30 46.08 83.63 -0.12 0.01 9 0.98 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 194 KiB 287 KiB 278 KiB 278 KiB
woody 10,913 44,972 4.12 54.60 77.11 203.61 -0.10 0.01 9 0.98 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 391 KiB 603 KiB 585 KiB 592 KiB
sarge 19,683 101,395 5.15 82.72 111.90 57.71 -0.12 0.01 10 0.99 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 707 KiB 1.1 MiB 1.1 MiB 1.1 MiB
etch 24,427 125,918 5.15 74.52 137.88 239.86 -0.09 0.01 12 0.99 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 846 KiB 1.4 MiB 1.4 MiB 1.3 MiB
lenny 29,880 143,519 4.80 75.62 119.19 63.83 -0.08 0.01 11 0.99 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 1.0 MiB 1.6 MiB 1.6 MiB 1.6 MiB
squeeze 37,457 181,005 4.83 80.34 124.14 92.36 -0.08 0.01 12 0.98 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 1.3 MiB 2.0 MiB 2.0 MiB 2.0 MiB
wheezy 47,049 223,368 4.75 83.69 125.38 325.51 -0.07 0.01 12 0.99 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 1.6 MiB 2.5 MiB 2.5 MiB 2.5 MiB
jessie 55,163 272,512 4.94 90.16 134.54 325.54 -0.07 0.01 11 0.99 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 1.9 MiB 3.0 MiB 2.9 MiB 3.0 MiB
stretch 65,905 329,208 5.00 95.37 136.39 327.52 -0.07 0.01 13 0.99 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 2.2 MiB 3.6 MiB 3.5 MiB 3.5 MiB
buster 81,121 393,914 4.86 92.64 144.78 1307.96 -0.07 0.01 22 0.98 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 2.5 MiB 4.1 MiB 4.0 MiB 4.0 MiB
bullseye 87,345 373,714 4.28 86.23 136.61 1188.80 -0.06 0.01 21 0.97 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 2.6 MiB 4.2 MiB 4.1 MiB 4.1 MiB
bookworm 107,564 413,462 3.84 83.02 142.42 1030.66 -0.06 0.00 19 0.97 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 2.9 MiB 4.6 MiB 4.5 MiB 4.5 MiB
trixie 142,865 469,732 3.29 74.11 140.56 1011.11 -0.05 0.00 20 0.97 Directed Unipartite name kind version component section priority essential architecture source maintainer installed_size size description type constraint alternatives 3.3 MiB 5.2 MiB 5.1 MiB 5.1 MiB