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string_ppi — STRING protein association networks (2025)

Description

Networks of functional associations between the proteins of seven model organisms, from the STRING database, version 12.5. Nodes are proteins, and an undirected edge indicates a functional association between two proteins, i.e. that they contribute jointly to a biological function, which does not necessarily mean that they physically bind each other. STRING combines evidence from several channels: physical interactions from experiments, curated pathway and complex databases, co-expression, conserved genomic neighborhood, gene fusions, phylogenetic co-occurrence, and co-mention in the scientific literature (text mining), including evidence transferred from other organisms by orthology. Each channel gives a confidence score, and the channels are combined into an overall confidence score.

The organisms are human (Homo sapiens, human), mouse (Mus musculus, mouse), baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast), the bacterium Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 (ecoli), the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster, fly), the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (worm) and the thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana, arabidopsis). For each organism there are two networks:

  • <organism>_all: all the associations in STRING, of any score (the lowest score in STRING is 0.15).
  • <organism>_min400: only the associations with a combined score of at least 0.4, STRING's default threshold ("medium confidence").

All networks of an organism have the same nodes, all the proteins of the organism in STRING (proteins without associations are isolated nodes). STRING is available for over 12,000 organisms; only these seven are included here.

The entry also contains the networks of the same organisms in the earlier versions 11.0 (2019), 11.5 (2021) and 12.0 (2023) of STRING, named <organism>_v<version>_all and <organism>_v<version>_min400 (e.g. human_v11.0_all), built in the same way; the networks without a version in their names are those of version 12.5. The sets of proteins and the scores differ between versions. Versions before 11.0 are not included.

The networks have the following properties:

  • (Node) string_id: the STRING identifier of the protein (the NCBI taxonomy identifier of the organism followed by the protein's identifier, e.g. 9606.ENSP00000000233).
  • (Node) name: the preferred name of the protein (e.g. ARF5).
  • (Node) size: the length of the protein, in amino acids.
  • (Node) annotation: a description of the protein.
  • (Edge) combined_score: the combined confidence score of the association, multiplied by 1000 (from 150 to 999).
  • (Edge) neighborhood, fusion, cooccurence, coexpression, experimental, database, textmining: the scores of the individual channels, multiplied by 1000 (0 if there is no evidence of that kind).
Tags
Biological Protein interactions Weighted Metadata
Added
2026-10-27
Citation
  • D. Szklarczyk et al., "The STRING database in 2025: protein networks with directionality of regulation." Nucleic Acids Research 53, D730-D737 (2025) 10.1093/nar/gkae1113 Sci-Hub
  • D. Szklarczyk et al., "The STRING database in 2023: protein-protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest." Nucleic Acids Research 51, D638-D646 (2023) 10.1093/nar/gkac1000 Sci-Hub
  • D. Szklarczyk et al., "The STRING database in 2021: customizable protein-protein networks, and functional characterization of user-uploaded gene/measurement sets." Nucleic Acids Research 49, D605-D612 (2021) 10.1093/nar/gkaa1074 Sci-Hub
  • D. Szklarczyk et al., "STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets." Nucleic Acids Research 47, D607-D613 (2019) 10.1093/nar/gky1131 Sci-Hub
Upstream URL OK
https://string-db.org/cgi/download
Upstream license
CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Networks
Tip: click on a column header to sort the list, or hover over it for a description.
Column legend
$\left<k\right>$
Mean degree
$\sigma_k$
Standard deviation of the degrees
$\lambda_h$
Largest eigenvalue of the Hashimoto (non-backtracking) matrix
$\tau$
Random walk mixing time
$r$
Degree assortativity
$c$
Global clustering coefficient
$\oslash$
(Pseudo-) diameter
$S$
Relative size of the largest component
NPs
Node properties
EPs
Edge properties
Name Nodes Edges $\left<k\right>$ $\sigma_k$ $\lambda_h$ $\tau$ $r$ $c$ $\oslash$ $S$ Kind Mode NPs EPs gt GraphML GML csv
human_all 19,699 5,413,027 549.57 478.12 1082.45 2.18 0.10 0.20 4 1.00 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 27.6 MiB 53.4 MiB 50.3 MiB 45.8 MiB
human_min400 19,699 1,076,224 109.27 159.67 376.06 35.01 0.01 0.18 8 0.99 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 7.0 MiB 12.9 MiB 12.2 MiB 11.9 MiB
mouse_all 21,840 6,753,475 618.45 562.35 1227.19 37.34 0.09 0.20 11 0.99 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 33.8 MiB 65.9 MiB 62.0 MiB 55.3 MiB
mouse_min400 21,840 970,083 88.84 120.30 311.74 34.65 0.11 0.22 9 0.96 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 6.6 MiB 12.0 MiB 11.4 MiB 11.1 MiB
yeast_all 6,600 1,403,030 425.16 304.81 701.01 7.74 0.17 0.29 5 1.00 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 7.1 MiB 13.7 MiB 13.0 MiB 11.5 MiB
yeast_min400 6,600 361,502 109.55 133.62 331.62 23.24 0.05 0.29 8 0.97 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 2.3 MiB 4.3 MiB 4.1 MiB 3.8 MiB
ecoli_all 4,140 482,865 233.27 150.53 358.11 2.16 0.15 0.23 4 1.00 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 2.5 MiB 4.8 MiB 4.6 MiB 4.1 MiB
ecoli_min400 4,140 104,814 50.63 53.08 182.55 13.29 0.46 0.47 6 1.00 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 810 KiB 1.4 MiB 1.3 MiB 1.3 MiB
fly_all 13,947 2,447,434 350.96 332.06 791.81 7.82 0.20 0.29 7 0.97 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 11.3 MiB 22.8 MiB 21.4 MiB 19.1 MiB
fly_min400 13,947 455,322 65.29 83.98 261.67 19.35 0.29 0.26 8 0.93 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 3.0 MiB 5.5 MiB 5.2 MiB 5.0 MiB
worm_all 20,177 3,764,064 373.10 420.84 972.29 8.69 0.13 0.33 9 0.91 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 15.6 MiB 33.4 MiB 31.2 MiB 27.3 MiB
worm_min400 20,177 647,084 64.14 106.46 386.23 22.83 0.26 0.42 8 0.76 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 3.5 MiB 7.0 MiB 6.6 MiB 6.1 MiB
arabidopsis_all 27,462 7,659,944 557.86 627.69 1358.60 5.80 0.05 0.22 7 0.95 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 29.8 MiB 66.2 MiB 61.0 MiB 54.0 MiB
arabidopsis_min400 27,462 1,188,404 86.55 146.30 557.90 21.03 0.34 0.32 9 0.86 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 6.5 MiB 12.8 MiB 12.0 MiB 11.5 MiB
human_v11.0_all 19,566 5,879,727 601.01 529.74 1131.24 2.03 0.08 0.19 5 0.99 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 29.0 MiB 60.3 MiB 56.4 MiB 48.5 MiB
human_v11.0_min400 19,566 1,000,278 102.25 120.40 297.60 12.66 0.15 0.27 7 0.98 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 6.3 MiB 12.0 MiB 11.3 MiB 10.8 MiB
mouse_v11.0_all 22,048 5,972,403 541.76 522.16 1111.93 8.38 0.08 0.20 7 0.96 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 29.8 MiB 61.7 MiB 57.8 MiB 49.2 MiB
mouse_v11.0_min400 22,048 931,699 84.52 111.23 292.44 17.18 0.09 0.30 7 0.92 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 5.8 MiB 11.2 MiB 10.6 MiB 10.1 MiB
yeast_v11.0_all 6,691 922,983 275.89 250.35 547.14 2.90 0.18 0.27 6 0.98 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 5.1 MiB 10.0 MiB 9.5 MiB 8.3 MiB
yeast_v11.0_min400 6,691 265,949 79.49 88.14 261.83 5.32 0.40 0.35 7 0.97 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 1.9 MiB 3.3 MiB 3.2 MiB 3.0 MiB
ecoli_v11.0_all 4,127 530,427 257.05 149.96 363.44 2.43 0.13 0.24 5 1.00 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 2.7 MiB 5.5 MiB 5.2 MiB 4.4 MiB
ecoli_v11.0_min400 4,127 87,922 42.61 39.70 118.57 6.20 0.19 0.27 6 1.00 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 758 KiB 1.3 MiB 1.2 MiB 1.1 MiB
fly_v11.0_all 13,932 1,981,482 284.45 310.62 682.12 10.42 0.15 0.28 8 0.93 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 10.0 MiB 20.6 MiB 19.3 MiB 16.4 MiB
fly_v11.0_min400 13,932 453,070 65.04 89.66 247.70 21.65 0.28 0.35 8 0.88 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 2.8 MiB 5.4 MiB 5.1 MiB 4.7 MiB
worm_v11.0_all 20,530 3,709,383 361.36 423.14 1175.86 43.67 0.27 0.45 10 0.88 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 15.7 MiB 35.4 MiB 32.8 MiB 27.3 MiB
worm_v11.0_min400 20,530 787,640 76.73 161.01 730.32 114.02 0.74 0.69 10 0.71 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 3.4 MiB 8.1 MiB 7.5 MiB 6.7 MiB
arabidopsis_v11.0_all 27,413 5,830,348 425.37 503.72 1184.84 12.15 0.18 0.28 8 0.93 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 26.3 MiB 55.8 MiB 51.8 MiB 44.5 MiB
arabidopsis_v11.0_min400 27,413 1,099,334 80.21 136.28 498.66 44.96 0.37 0.36 9 0.82 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 6.5 MiB 12.4 MiB 11.7 MiB 11.6 MiB
human_v11.5_all 19,566 5,969,249 610.17 512.80 1115.86 2.10 0.10 0.19 5 0.99 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 32.0 MiB 62.6 MiB 59.0 MiB 50.7 MiB
human_v11.5_min400 19,566 897,567 91.75 106.20 271.15 12.59 0.16 0.21 7 0.99 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 6.3 MiB 11.2 MiB 10.7 MiB 10.4 MiB
mouse_v11.5_all 22,048 7,248,179 657.49 666.24 1436.19 9.78 0.09 0.22 7 0.96 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 39.0 MiB 75.8 MiB 71.5 MiB 59.9 MiB
mouse_v11.5_min400 22,048 925,813 83.98 112.58 292.69 19.89 0.09 0.22 7 0.93 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 6.7 MiB 11.9 MiB 11.4 MiB 10.7 MiB
yeast_v11.5_all 6,691 994,296 297.20 270.94 582.93 2.58 0.13 0.27 7 0.96 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 5.8 MiB 10.8 MiB 10.3 MiB 8.9 MiB
yeast_v11.5_min400 6,691 283,428 84.72 91.37 268.77 5.31 0.42 0.34 7 0.91 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 2.1 MiB 3.6 MiB 3.5 MiB 3.2 MiB
ecoli_v11.5_all 4,127 541,593 262.46 146.89 363.50 2.38 0.16 0.23 4 1.00 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 2.9 MiB 5.7 MiB 5.3 MiB 4.5 MiB
ecoli_v11.5_min400 4,127 95,252 46.16 39.85 121.67 5.97 0.30 0.28 6 1.00 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 813 KiB 1.4 MiB 1.3 MiB 1.2 MiB
fly_v11.5_all 13,932 2,171,899 311.79 328.79 705.16 12.65 0.11 0.27 8 0.93 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 12.0 MiB 22.8 MiB 21.6 MiB 18.1 MiB
fly_v11.5_min400 13,932 464,474 66.68 85.09 237.70 18.08 0.30 0.30 8 0.89 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 3.2 MiB 5.7 MiB 5.5 MiB 5.0 MiB
worm_v11.5_all 20,530 4,481,664 436.60 505.98 1224.04 30.65 0.19 0.39 10 0.89 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 21.3 MiB 42.7 MiB 39.6 MiB 32.7 MiB
worm_v11.5_min400 20,530 864,768 84.24 164.54 731.46 91.16 0.71 0.65 11 0.75 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 4.4 MiB 9.2 MiB 8.6 MiB 7.5 MiB
arabidopsis_v11.5_all 27,413 8,014,865 584.75 702.11 1620.96 10.38 0.20 0.29 8 0.93 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 39.9 MiB 74.7 MiB 69.6 MiB 58.7 MiB
arabidopsis_v11.5_min400 27,413 1,460,871 106.58 170.56 536.20 29.76 0.27 0.29 7 0.84 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 9.8 MiB 16.5 MiB 15.7 MiB 14.8 MiB
human_v12.0_all 19,699 6,857,702 696.25 587.93 1282.18 2.04 0.09 0.21 5 1.00 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 37.8 MiB 75.0 MiB 71.0 MiB 60.6 MiB
human_v12.0_min400 19,699 929,472 94.37 126.58 322.86 6.17 0.13 0.22 7 0.99 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 6.8 MiB 12.1 MiB 11.6 MiB 11.1 MiB
mouse_v12.0_all 21,840 6,342,177 580.79 551.30 1192.66 27.78 0.09 0.21 10 0.99 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 34.9 MiB 69.0 MiB 65.4 MiB 55.6 MiB
mouse_v12.0_min400 21,840 818,448 74.95 112.45 318.05 19.21 0.09 0.25 9 0.96 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 6.0 MiB 10.7 MiB 10.3 MiB 9.9 MiB
yeast_v12.0_all 6,600 1,412,421 428.01 353.43 765.07 9.60 0.14 0.30 6 0.99 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 8.1 MiB 15.4 MiB 14.6 MiB 12.4 MiB
yeast_v12.0_min400 6,600 281,178 85.21 100.77 302.40 29.07 0.42 0.38 12 0.95 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 2.1 MiB 3.7 MiB 3.6 MiB 3.3 MiB
ecoli_v12.0_all 4,140 492,380 237.86 160.92 376.11 2.23 0.13 0.24 4 1.00 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 2.9 MiB 5.4 MiB 5.1 MiB 4.3 MiB
ecoli_v12.0_min400 4,140 102,054 49.30 52.96 185.61 13.95 0.52 0.49 6 1.00 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 862 KiB 1.4 MiB 1.4 MiB 1.3 MiB
fly_v12.0_all 13,947 2,516,980 360.93 348.04 800.60 7.82 0.16 0.29 7 0.97 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 13.5 MiB 26.1 MiB 24.6 MiB 20.6 MiB
fly_v12.0_min400 13,947 422,826 60.63 80.88 263.33 8.24 0.30 0.31 9 0.92 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 3.0 MiB 5.3 MiB 5.1 MiB 4.7 MiB
worm_v12.0_all 20,177 4,635,938 459.53 530.01 1149.27 23.70 0.11 0.32 9 0.91 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 22.6 MiB 44.7 MiB 41.5 MiB 34.1 MiB
worm_v12.0_min400 20,177 619,067 61.36 110.30 422.64 27.16 0.42 0.49 9 0.74 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 3.6 MiB 7.0 MiB 6.6 MiB 5.9 MiB
arabidopsis_v12.0_all 27,462 6,278,747 457.27 551.81 1245.41 7.44 0.07 0.23 7 0.94 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 34.2 MiB 62.0 MiB 58.3 MiB 49.0 MiB
arabidopsis_v12.0_min400 27,462 1,059,194 77.14 140.33 569.07 22.27 0.43 0.36 8 0.83 Undirected Unipartite string_id name size annotation neighborhood fusion cooccurence coexpression experimental database textmining combined_score 7.2 MiB 12.3 MiB 11.7 MiB 10.8 MiB